The effects of Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M on growth performance, gut integrity, and immune response using in vitro and in vivo Pacific salmonid models.

Microbial management is central to aquaculture's efficiency. Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M has shown promising results promoting growth, modulation of the immune response, and disease resistance in many fishes. However, the mechanisms through which this strain confers health benefits in fish are poorly understood, particularly in Pacific salmonid models. Briefly, the aims of this study were to i) assess the protective effects of P. acidilactici MA18/5M by examining gut barrier function and the expression of tight junction (TJ) and immune genes in vitro and in vivo, and ii) to determine the protective effects of this strain against a common saltwater pathogen, Vibrio anguillarum J382. An in vitro model of the salmonid gut was employed utilizing the cell line RTgutGC. Barrier formation and integrity assessed by TEER measurements in RTgutGC, showed a significant decrease in resistance in cells exposed only to V. anguillarum J382 for 24 h, but pre-treatment with P. acidilactici MA18/5M for 48 h mitigated these effects. While P. acidilactici MA18/5M did not significantly upregulate tight junction and immune molecules, pre-treatment with this strain protected against pathogen-induced insults to the gut barrier. In particular, the expression of ocldn was significantly induced by V. anguillarum J382, suggesting that this molecule might play a role in the host response against this pathogen. To corroborate these observations in live fish, the effects of P. acidilactici MA18/5M was evaluated in Chinook salmon reared in real aquaculture conditions. Supplementation with P. acidilactici MA18/5M had no effect on Chinook salmon growth parameters after 10 weeks. Interestingly, histopathological results did not show alterations associated with P. acidilactici MA18/5M supplementation, indicating that this strain is safe to be used in the industry. Finally, the expression pattern of transcripts encoding TJ and immune genes in all the treatments suggest that variation in expression is more likely to be due to developmental processes rather than P. acidilactici MA18/5M supplementation. Overall, our results showed that P. acidilactici MA18/5M is a safe strain for use in fish production, however, to assess the effects on growth and immune response previously observed in other salmonid species, an assessment in adult fish is needed.

Comparative Genomic Analysis of Virulent Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum Serotypes Revealed Genetic Diversity and Genomic Signatures in the O-Antigen Biosynthesis Gene Cluster.

Vibrio anguillarum is the most frequent pathogen affecting fish worldwide. The only known virulent strains of V. anguillarum are serotypes O1, O2, and O3. Genetic differences between the serotypes that could shed insight on the evolution and serotype differences of this marine pathogen are unknown. Here, we fully sequenced and characterized a strain of V. anguillarum O1 (J382) isolated from winter steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus) in British Columbia, Canada. Koch's postulates using the O1 strain were replicated in naïve lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) and compared to O2. Phenotypic and genotypic comparisons were conducted for serotypes O1, O2, and O3, using biochemical tests and bioinformatic tools, respectively. The genome of V. anguillarum O1 (J382) contains two chromosomes (3.13 Mb and 1.03 Mb) and two typical pJM1-like plasmids (65,573 and 76,959 bp). Furthermore, V. anguillarum O1 (J382) displayed resistance to colistin sulphate, which differs from serotype O2 and could be attributed to the presence of the ugd gene. Comparative genomic analysis, among the serotypes, showed that intra-species evolution is driven by insertion sequences, bacteriophages, and a different repertoire of putative ncRNAs. Genetic heterogeneity in the O-antigen biosynthesis gene cluster is characterized by the absence or the presence of unique genes, which could result in differences in the immune evasion mechanisms employed by the respective serotypes. This study contributes to understanding the genetic differences among V. anguillarum serovars and their evolution.

Relative expression and validation of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida reference genes during ex vivo and in vivo fish infection.

The genus Aeromonas is found worldwide in freshwater and marine environments and has been implicated in the etiology of human and animal diseases. In fish, among Aeromonas species, A. salmonicida causes massive mortality and great economic losses in marine and continental aquaculture species. Currently, several aspects of the clinical signs and pathogenesis of this Gram-negative bacterium have been described; however, determination of an appropriate reference gene is essential to normalize cellular mRNA data remain unknown. Here we evaluate the stability of seven candidate reference genes to be used for data normalization during ex vivo and in vivo experiments conducted in Atlantic cod, Atlantic salmon, and lumpfish. To assess this, raw Ct values obtained were evaluated by using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delta Ct comparison, and the comprehensive ranking, through the bioinformatic open-access portal RefFinder. We determined that fabD and era were most suitable reference genes in Atlantic cod primary macrophages, hfq and era in Atlantic salmon primary macrophages, rpoB and fabD in lumpfish head kidney samples, and hfq and era in lumpfish spleen. Our study demonstrates that use of multiple reference genes and its validation before measurements helps to minimize variability arising in qPCR studies that evaluate A. salmonicida gene expression in fish tissues. Overall, this study provided with an expanded list of reliable reference genes for A. salmonicida gene expression using qPCR during fish infection studies.

Simulación in situ y "madre" simulada, nuevas estrategias pedagógicas en pediatría / Simulação in situ e simulação "mãe", novas estratégias pedagógicas em pediatria / In situ simulation and simulated "mother", new pedagogical strategies in pediatrics

El proceso de docencia-aprendizaje de las disciplinas clínicas tiene entre sus desafíos la adquisición de habilidades del estudiante con el paciente. Las oportunidades de prácticas clínicas se han reducido. La menor cantidad de consultas pediátricas en el año 2020 durante la pandemia por Coronoavirus exacerbó este hecho. Objetivo: Comunicar la experiencia de simulación in situ y madre simulada realizada por docentes del Departamento de Emergencia Pediátrica del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, dirigida al entrenamiento de estudiantes de la Unidad Curricular Pediatría (Facultad de Medicina-UdelaR), en la realización de la anamnesis de un paciente con patología respiratoria. Metodología: estudio descriptivo. Madre simulada: docentes/residentes. Simulador: lactante-tecnología intermedia. Participantes del escenario: 2 estudiantes. Lugar: DEP-CHPR. Período: setiembre-diciembre 2020. Resultados: Participaron de la simulación 327 estudiantes, 255 contestaron el censo. Utilidad de la simulación: 53,2% muy útil/excelente, poco o nada útil 24,8%, no contesta 22%. Credibilidad: aceptable 38%, muy creíble/excelente 27,5%, 12,5% poco o nada creíble, 22% no contesta. Participación grupal en el debriefing 64,5%, participación parcial 11,4%, sin debriefing 2,1%, no contesta 22%.Discusión: De los 327 estudiantes que realizaron la simulación al menos 24,% la percibió como poco o nada útil. La falta de información previa, la participación en el escenario de 2 estudiantes por grupo y la poca interacción en el debriefing en algunos grupos pudo haber influído. Conclusiones: La experiencia comunicada generó nuevas oportunidades de docencia aprendizaje. Se identificaron aspectos metodológicos que pueden mejorarse.

The teaching-learning process in clinical disciplines includes amongst its challenges the acquisition of the student's skills with the patient. Opportunities for clinical practice have diminished. A smaller number of pediatric visits in 2020 during the Coronavirus pandemic increased this fact. Objective: to communicate the experience of in situ simulation and simulated mother carried out by the faculty of the Pediatric Emergency Department of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center, address to students in the Pediatrics Curricular Unit (School of Medicine- UdelaR), in the case of an infant patient with respiratory pathology. Methods: Descriptive study. Simulated mother: faculty members/residents. Simulator: intermediate technology infant. Participants in the scenario: 2 students. Location: DPE.PRHC. Period: September- December 2020.Results: 327 students participated in the simulation, 255 answered the census. Usefulness of the simulation: 53.2% very useful / excellent, little or not at all useful 24.8%, no answer 22%. Credibility: acceptable 38%, very credible / excellent 27.5%, 12.5% ​​little or not at all credible, 22% do not answer. Group participation in the debriefing 64.5%, partial participation 11.4%, without debriefing 2.1%, no answer 22%. Discussion: Of the 327 students who carried out the simulation at least 24,8 % perceived it as little or not useful. The lack of previous information, the participation in the scenario of 2 students per group and the little interaction in the debriefing in some groups could have influenced. Conclusions: The communicated experience generated new teaching-learning opportunities. Methodological aspects that can be improved were identified.

O processo de ensino-aprendizagem de disciplinas clínicas tem entre seus desafios a aquisição de habilidades do aluno com o paciente. As oportunidades de estágio clínico foram reduzidas. O menor número de consultas pediátricas em 2020 durante a pandemia de Coronoavirus exacerbou esse fato. Objetivo: Comunicar a experiência de simulação in situ e simulação materna realizada pela docentes do Serviço de Urgência Pediátrica do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell, com alunos da Unidade Curricular Pediatria (Faculdade de Medicina-UdelaR), na anamnese de paciente com doença respiratória. Metodologia: estudo descritivo. Mãe simulada: professores / residentes. Simulador: lactente de tecnologia intermédia. Participantes do cenário: 2 alunos. Local: DEP-CHPR. Período: setembro a dezembro de 2020. Resultados: 327 alunos participaram da simulação, 255 responderam a pesquisa. Utilidade da simulação: 53,2% muito útil / excelente, pouco ou nada útil 24,8%, sem resposta 22%. Credibilidade: aceitável 38%, muito credível / excelente 27,5%, 12,5% pouco ou nada credível, 22% não respondem. Participação do grupo no debriefing 64,5%, participação parcial 11,4%, sem debriefing 2,1%, sem resposta 22%. Discussão: Dos 327 alunos que realizaram a simulação, pelo menos 24,% a perceberam como pouco ou nada útil. A falta de informação prévia, a participação no cenário de 2 alunos por grupo e a pouca interação no debriefing em alguns grupos podem ter influenciado. Conclusões: A experiência comunicada gerou novas oportunidades de ensino-aprendizagem. Aspectos metodológicos que podem ser melhorados foram identificados.

Estimating Occupancy Levels in Enclosed Spaces Using Environmental Variables: A Fitness Gym and Living Room as Evaluation Scenarios.

The understanding of occupancy patterns has been identified as a key contributor to achieve improvements in energy efficiency in buildings since occupancy information can benefit different systems, such as HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioners), lighting, security, and emergency. This has meant that in the past decade, researchers have focused on improving the precision of occupancy estimation in enclosed spaces. Although several works have been done, one of the less addressed issues, regarding occupancy research, has been the availability of data for contrasting experimental results. Therefore, the main contributions of this work are: (1) the generation of two robust datasets gathered in enclosed spaces (a fitness gym and a living room) labeled with occupancy levels, and (2) the evaluation of three Machine Learning algorithms using different temporal resolutions. The results show that the prediction of 3-4 occupancy levels using the temperature, humidity, and pressure values provides an accuracy of at least 97%.

Intermediary metabolic response and gene transcription modulation on the Sub-Antarctic notothenioid Eleginops maclovinus (Valenciennes, 1930) injected with two strains of Piscirickettsia salmonis.

Pathogen interactions with cultured fish populations are well studied, but their effects on native fishes have not been characterized. In Chile, the disease caused by bacterial species Piscirickettsia salmonis represents one of the main issues and is considered to be one of the important pathogens in the field of aquaculture. They have been found to infect native fish. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the impact of P. salmonis on native species of local commercial value, as well as the potential impact associated with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of P. salmonis. Due to this purpose, the native fish Eleginops maclovinus was used in our study. Fish were randomly distributed in tanks and intraperitoneally inoculated with two strains of P. salmonis. No mortality was recorded during the experiment. Cortisol, glucose and total α-amino acid levels increased in fish injected with AUSTRAL-005 strain compared to sham-injected and LF-89-inoculated fish. Moreover, results showed an increase in the activity of carbohydrates and lipids metabolism in liver; and an increase in the carbohydrates, lipids and total α-amino acid metabolism in muscle after injection with AUSTRAL-005. Our results suggest that P. salmonis modulates the physiology of E. maclovinus and the physiological impact increase in the presence of the antibiotic-resistant strain AUSTRAL-005.

[Left Ventricular Mixoma: A case report]. / Mixoma Ventricular Izquierdo.

Myxoma is a primary cardiac tumor of low prevalence in the population, with a predilection for the left atrium followed by the right atrium. The location in the ventricles is infrequent and the symptoms depends of the place of origin. Its associated complications and its particular form of debut can be avoided with timely surgical resection.We present the case of a 15-year-old symptomatic woman with a mass in the left ventricle. The mass was surgically resected, and the histopathological study confirmed a myxoma.

Intoxicación aguda no intencional grave con alcohol isopropílico en el Departamento de Emergencia Pediátrica del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. A propósito de tres casos clínicos / Acute unintentional poisoning with isopropyl alcohol in the Pereira Rossell Pediatric Emergency Ward. Three clinical cases / Intoxicação aguda não intencional com álcool isopropílico na Emergência Pediátrica do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell. Três relatos de caso

Resumen: Las intoxicaciones agudas en los servicios de emergencia pediátrica ocupan un lugar importante dentro de la patología pediátrica de urgencia por su potencial riesgo vital. El Centro de Información y Asesoramiento Toxicológico (CIAT) recibe anualmente un promedio de 10.000 consultas, el 45% corresponde a la edad pediátrica. La intoxicación aguda por isopropanol es poco frecuente, pero potencialmente grave. El CIAT ha registrado 34 casos en los últimos cinco años. El alcohol isopropílico se encuentra en muchos productos de limpieza y desinfectantes. La intoxicación aguda se caracteriza inicialmente por síntomas digestivos. En la evolución pueden agregarse manifestaciones neurológicas: depresión de conciencia, hipotonía e hiporreflexia, asociada a hipoglicemia, gap osmolar elevado, cetonemia y cetonuria. En casos graves puede ocasionar hipotermia, hipotensión y arritmias. La acidosis metabólica es poco frecuente, a diferencia de otros alcoholes. En este caso, la toxicidad aguda es dependiente en gran medida de la formación de metabolitos. En este trabajo son isopropanol y acetona los responsables de las manifestaciones clínicas y alteraciones en los estudios de laboratorio. Se analizaron tres casos clínicos en niños de 96, 18 y 15 meses. Los tres casos evolucionaron de forma favorable en 72-96 horas, y, como se refiere en la literatura, el pronóstico en general es bueno y sin secuelas. El abordaje de estos pacientes en la urgencia se basa en la aplicación del triángulo de evaluación pediátrica y la secuencia A, B, C, D, E con el propósito de identificar en forma precoz la necesidad de realizar correcciones metabólicas o soporte de funciones.

Summary: Acute poisoning in pediatric emergency services is an important part of the emergency pediatric pathology due to its potential risk. CIAT receives an average of 10,000 consultations annually, 45% of which are from children. Acute isopropanol poisoning is rare but potentially serious. CIAT has recorded 34 cases in the last 5 years. Isopropyl alcohol is found in many cleaning products and disinfectants. Acute poisoning is initially characterized by digestive symptoms. Some neurological manifestations may arise during the acute poisoning evolution, such as, depression of consciousness, hypotonia and hyporeflexia, associated with hypoglycemia, elevated osmolar gap, ketonemia and ketoneuria. In severe cases, it can cause hypothermia, hypotension and arrhythmia. Metabolic acidosis is rare, unlike what happens with other alcohols. In this case, acute toxicity largely depends on the formation of metabolites; in this case, isopropanol and acetone are responsible for clinical manifestations and alterations in laboratory studies. We hereby present three clinical cases of children aged 96, 18 and 15 months. The three cases evolved favorably in 72-96 hours and, as described in the literature, the prognosis in general is good and without sequelae. The approach to these patients in the emergency ward was the pediatric evaluation triangle and the A, B, C, D, E sequence in order to identify early the need to perform metabolic corrections and / or support functions.

Resumo: As intoxicações agudas nos serviços de emergência pediátrica ocupam um lugar importante na patologia pediátrica de emergência devido ao seu risco potencial para a vida. O CIAT recebe, em média, 10.000 consultas anualmente, 45% de pacientes pediátricos. A intoxicação aguda por isopropanol é rara, mas potencialmente grave. O CIAT registrou 34 casos nos últimos 5 anos. O álcool isopropílico encontra-se em vários produtos de limpeza e desinfetantes. O envenenamento agudo é inicialmente caracterizado por sintomas digestivos. Na evolução do envenamento, podem aparecer manifestações neurológicas: depressão da consciência, hipotonia e hiporreflexia, associadas à hipoglicemia, gap osmolar elevado, cetonemia e cetoneúria. Em casos graves, pode causar hipotermia, hipotensão e arritmias. A acidose metabólica é rara, diferentemente do que acontece com outros álcoois. Nesse caso, a toxicidade aguda depende em grande parte da formação de metabólitos; neste caso, isopropanol e acetona são responsáveis pelas manifestações clínicas e alterações em estudos laboratoriais. Analisaram-se três casos clínicos em crianças de 96, 18 e 15 meses. Os três casos evoluíram favoravelmente em 72-96 horas e, como relatamos na literatura, o prognóstico em geral é bom e sem sequelas. A abordagem desses pacientes na emergência foi a aplicação do triângulo de avaliação pediátrica na sequência A, B, C, D, E, a fim de identificar precocemente a necessidade de realizar correções metabólicas e / ou suporte de funções.

Aeromonas salmonicida infects Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) erythrocytes.

Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (hereafter A. salmonicida) is the aetiological agent of furunculosis in marine and freshwater fish. Once A. salmonicida invade the fish host through skin, gut or gills, it spreads and colonizes the head kidney, liver, spleen and brain. A. salmonicida infects leucocytes and exhibits an extracellular phase in the blood of the host; however, it is unknown whether A. salmonicida have an intraerythrocytic phase. Here, we evaluate whether A. salmonicida infects Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) erythrocytes in vitro and in vivo. A. salmonicida did not kill primary S. salar erythrocytes, even in the presence of high bacterial loads, but A. salmonicida invaded the S. salar erythrocytes in the absence of evident haemolysis. Naïve Atlantic salmon smolts intraperitoneally infected with A. salmonicida showed bacteraemia 5 days post-infection and the presence of intraerythrocytic A. salmonicida. Our results reveal a novel intraerythrocytic phase during A. salmonicida infection.

Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida Early Infection and Immune Response of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.) Primary Macrophages.

In contrast to other teleosts, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) has an expanded repertoire of MHC-I and TLR components, but lacks the MHC-II, the invariant chain/CD74, and CD4+ T cell response, essential for production of antibodies and prevention of bacterial infectious diseases. The mechanisms by which G. morhua fight bacterial infections are not well understood. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a recurrent pathogen in cultured and wild fish, and has been reported in Atlantic cod. Macrophages are some of the first responders to bacterial infection and the link between innate and adaptive immune response. Here, we evaluated the viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cell morphology, and gene expression of cod primary macrophages in response to A. salmonicida infection. We found that A. salmonicida infects cod primary macrophages without killing the cod cells. Likewise, infected Atlantic cod macrophages up-regulated key genes involved in the inflammatory response (e.g., IL-1ß and IL-8) and bacterial recognition (e.g., BPI/LBP). Nevertheless, our results showed a down-regulation of genes related to antimicrobial peptide and ROS production, suggesting that A. salmonicida utilizes its virulence mechanisms to control and prevent macrophage anti-bacterial activity. Our results also indicate that Atlantic cod has a basal ROS production in non-infected cells, and this was not increased after contact with A. salmonicida. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that A. salmonicida was able to infect the macrophages in a high number, and release outer membrane vesicles (OMV) during intracellular infection. These results suggest that Atlantic cod macrophage innate immunity is able to detect A. salmonicida and trigger an anti-inflammatory response, however A. salmonicida controls the cell immune response to prevent bacterial clearance, during early infection.

Risk factors and predisposing conditions for urinary tract infection.

Understanding individual and population-specific risk factors associated with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) can help physicians tailor prophylactic strategies. Frequent intercourse, vulvovaginal atrophy, change of the local bacterial flora, history of UTIs during premenopause or in childhood, family history, and a nonsecretor blood type are substantiated risk factors for recurrent uncomplicated UTIs. This is a narrative review based on relevant literature according to the experience and expertise of the authors. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is generally benign; however, during pregnancy it is more common and is associated with an increased likelihood of symptomatic infection, which may harm the mother or fetus. Screening of pregnant women and appropriate treatment with antimicrobials must be balanced with the potential for adverse treatment-related outcomes; appropriate prophylaxis should be considered where possible. High-quality data are currently lacking on risks related to asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy and further data in this hard-to-study population should be a primary concern for researchers. Incomplete voiding represents the primary risk factor for UTIs associated with conditions such as urinary incontinence and prolapse. Correcting the presence of residual urine remains the most effective prophylaxis in these populations. Bladder function alters throughout life; however, changes in function may be particularly profound in clinical populations at high risk of UTIs. Patients with neurogenic bladder will also likely have other evolving medical issues which increase the risk of UTIs, such as repeated catheterization and increasing residual urine volume. More aggressive antimicrobial prophylactic strategies may be appropriate in these patients. Again, the paucity of data on prophylaxis in these high-risk patients requires the attention of the research community.

Identification and validation of reliable Aeromonas salmonicida subspecies salmonicida reference genes for differential gene expression analyses.

Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogen of a wide range of freshwater and marine fish species. A. salmonicida is the causative agent of furunculosis, an immunosuppressive disease that typically progresses to septicemia. Several aspects of A. salmonicida pathogenesis has already been described, but fundamental genetic aspects of the psychrophilic lifestyle of this bacterium remain unknown. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a precise molecular technique used to detect very slight changes in gene expression. The appropriate choice of reference genes is essential for accurate normalization of qPCR gene expression data. Despite the available abundance of validated reference genes for mesophilic pathogens, a broad list of validated reference genes for A. salmonicida is not available. Here, we evaluated seven A. salmonicida reference genes under different culture conditions, including different growth phases, iron-limited and iron-supplemented conditions, and thermal stress. We determined that hfq maintained the most stable expression, followed by era, recA, rpoB, 16S, fabD, and gapA. The results of this study provided with an expanded list of reliable reference genes for A. salmonicida gene expression studies using qPCR.

Effects of Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) and D3 (Cholecalciferol) on Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Primary Macrophage Immune Response to Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida Infection.

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) are fat-soluble secosteroid hormones obtained from plant and animal sources, respectively. Fish incorporates vitamin D2 and D3 through the diet. In mammals, vitamin D forms are involved in mineral metabolism, cell growth, tissue differentiation, and antibacterial immune response. Vitamin D is an essential nutrient in aquafeeds for finfish. However, the influence of vitamin D on fish cell immunity has not yet been explored. Here, we examined the effects of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 on Salmo salar primary macrophage immune response to A. salmonicida subspecies salmonicida infection under in vitro conditions. We determined that high concentrations of vitamin D2 (100,000 ng/ml) and D3 (10,000 ng/ml) affect the growth of A. salmonicida and decrease the viability of S. salar primary macrophages. In addition, we determined that primary macrophages pre-treated with a biologically relevant concentration of vitamin D3 for 24 h showed a decrease of A. salmonicida infection. In contrast, vitamin D2 did not influence the antibacterial activity of the S. salar macrophages infected with A. salmonicida. Vitamin D2 and D3 did not influence the expression of canonical genes related to innate immune response. On the other hand, we found that A. salmonicida up-regulated the expression of several canonical genes and suppressed the expression of leukocyte-derived chemotaxin 2 (lect-2) gene, involved in neutrophil recruitment. Primary macrophages pre-treated for 24 h with vitamin D3 counteracted this immune suppression and up-regulated the transcription of lect-2. Our results suggest that vitamin D3 affects A. salmonicida attachment to the S. salar primary macrophages, and as a consequence, the A. salmonicida invasion decreased. Moreover, our study shows that the positive effects of vitamin D3 on fish cell immunity seem to be related to the lect-2 innate immunity mechanisms. We did not identify positive effects of vitamin D2 on fish cell immunity. In conclusion, we determined that the inactive form of vitamin D3, cholecalciferol, induced anti-bacterial innate immunity pathways in Atlantic salmon primary macrophages, suggesting that its utilization as a component of a healthy aquafeed diet in Atlantic salmon could enhance the immune response against A. salmonicida.

Draft Genome Sequence of the Type Strain Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida ATCC 33658.

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of the type strain Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida ATCC 33658 isolated from Salmo salar The size of the genome is 4,728,143 bp with a G+C content of 58.5%. The A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida ATCC 33658 genome lacks essential virulence genes that were likely lost during genomic rearrangements.

Epidemiology and outcomes of dermatology in-patient consultations in a Midwestern U.S. university hospital.

CONTEXT: A paucity of data exists concerning the utilization of in-patient dermatologic consultations. Previous studies on this subject have indicated a knowledge deficit of primary care providers with regard to common dermatoses, prompting a need for more effective teaching mechanisms in this area. OBJECTIVE: To identify dermatologic conditions in the in-patient setting that are frequently misdiagnosed by non-dermatologists in order to improve future patient care and cost reduction through physician education. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review of 271 consecutive dermatologic consultations from primary ward teams between January 20, 1998, and May 19, 1999. SETTING: Non-dermatology in-patient services at a Midwestern state-supported university hospital system in the U.S. PATIENTS: Patients hospitalized on non-dermatology wards with skin problems prompting a formal dermatologic consultation. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence of dermatologic conditions that are most frequently misdiagnosed on non-dermatology in-patient services. RESULTS: Seventy-six percent of the dermatologic consults were requested by Internal Medicine, Surgery, and Psychiatry departments. Common skin conditions accounted for a large majority of dermatologic consultations including: dermatitis (21.0%) and drug eruption (10.0%). The primary ward team submitted a correct dermatologic diagnosis in only 23.9 percent of cases. Dermatology consultation resulted in a change in or addition to treatment in 77 percent of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that common skin conditions account for a large majority of dermatologic consultations in a University hospital setting. Modern hospital ward teams continue to struggle with accurately recognizing and appropriately managing common skin problems resulting in inappropriate treatment, wasted resources, and prolonged hospitalization. Increasing medical student and house staff knowledge and experience in the diagnosis and management of common skin disorders could help address this problem.

Utilidad de la clonidina en prostatectomía / Usefulnes of clinidine in prostatectomy

Se estudió a futuro 25 pacientes con hipertrofia prostática benigna que fueron sometidos a resección transuretral. Como parte del protocolo de anestesia se utilizó clonidina, 150 µg como dosis única. Se tomó en consideración la edad, presiones arteriales basal, operatoria y de recuperación, analgesia posoperatoria y volumen administrado. La clonidina contribuyó a mantener las cifras de tensión en límites normales sin que hubiera hipotensión marcada. La analgesia posoperatoria fue catalogada como buena utilizando la Escala Visual Análoga. La clonidina, en conclusión, es un fármaco útil en este tipo de operaciones

Hipertrofia prostática benigna: parámetros uroflujométricos / Benign prostate hypertrophy uroflowmetric parameters

La hipertrofia prostática benigna es un trastorno muy frecuente después del quinto decenio de la vida. En años recientes la urodimania ha tenido un auge importante en la evaluación de los trastornos patológicos del sistema urinario. En este estudio se analizan los parámetros uroflujométricos encontrados en una muestra de 236 pacientes con este trastorno. Se estudiaron edad, volumen, flujo máximo, flujo promedio, tiempo de flujo máximo y tiempo de flujo total. La edad promedio fue de 65.2 años, el volumen fue de 221 104 ml, el flujo máximo de 9.8 3.4 ml/s. el flujo promedio de 8.8 4.8 ml, el tiempo de flujo máximo de 3.6 7.0 ml/s, y el tiempo de flujo total de 31.9 9.6 ml/s. El flujo promedio tuvo un comportamiento homogéneo, lo que indica distribución normal dentro de la población; así mismo, el flujo máximo tuvo una correlación por la curva de regresión lineal de 0.82, lo que indica que, a medida que pasa la edad, el flujo urinario disminuye. Se concluye que la urodinamia y, en particular la uroflujometría, es un método confiable para el estudio y el diagnóstico de la fisiopatología urinaria obstructiva baja

Perfil de presión uretral estático en la incontinencia urinaria de la mujer / Static urethral pressure profile in woman urinary incontinence

Se estudiaron en forma prospectiva 75 pacientes del sexo femenino con incontinencia urinaria identificada desde el punto de vista clínico. Se les realizó perfil de presión uretral estático sin micción y se encontró incontinencia de urgencia en 26, de esfuerzo en 25 y de tipo mixto en 24. No hubo diferencias en la previsión vesicalbasal. La longitud funcional de la uretra sí se afecta en el tipo de urgencia, y da como resultado diferencias con respecto a la de esfuerzo y mixta. Tanto la presión máxima de cierre como la uretral máxima disminuyen conforme progresa la edad de la mujer, sin guardar relación con el tipo de incontinencia. La presión máxima de cierre y uretral máxima en la incontinencia de urgencia produce diferencias a una p en relación con las de esfuerzo y mixta. La utilidad clínica del perfil de presión uretral es un aspecto controvertido. Los datos que se informan en este artículo indican que se tiene que revalorar su posición, pues podrían ser de gran ayuda para la valoración integral de la incontinencia urinaria de urgencia.

Utilidad de la tasa de aceleración del flujo urinario en el diagnóstico de incontinencia urinaria en la mujer / Usefulness of urinary flow acceleration rate in the diagnosis of urinary incontinence in the female

La tasa de aceleración del flujo es un parámetro metamétrico que se obtiene de la uroflujometría. Su utilidad radica en que permite conocer la velocidad de apertura del cuello vesical y la fuerza de contracción del músculo detrusor. Se estudiaron 30 mujeres con problema de incontinencia urinaria. Los valores de la tasa de aceleración fueron superiores tanto en el grupo testigo como en los caracterizados por incontinencia de esfuerzo, mixta y de urgencia con inestabilidad del músculo detrusor informados en la literatura. Se correlacionó la tasa de aceleración con la incontinencia urinaria con inestabilidad del músculo detrusor, que arrojó un valor de 0.812. En este estudio se encontraron discrepancias sobre la utilidad de este parámetro con lo informado con anterioridad. Se discute el valor de la tasa de aceleración a la luz de la experiencia acual.(au)